High above picturesque Sintra, this fortification was built by Islamic rulers in the 8th and 9th centuries; it takes only a quick glance to grasp its strength for defense.
I've seldom visited an ancient fortification more sprawling, or which left me with the feeling it could be defended today.
Ironically, it was never involved in a battle. In the 11th century, during a war between two Moorish rulers, it was surrendered to a Christian king in return for an alliance, but was then abandoned to the ruler's rival. Half a century later, with the Christian conquest of Lisbon, it was surrendered without a battle.
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